Vocabulary Arround the House

Kitchen Furnitures..
table(s) chair(s) bin(s)

Other things that you can find in the kitchen..
cooker(s) / oven(s) microwave (oven)(s) fridge(s) dishwasher(s) tap(s)
coffee maker(s) food mixer(s) liquidiser(s)

Cooking Equipment
saucepan(s) frying pan(s) sieve(s) kettle(s) teapot(s)
spatula(s) tin opener(s) knife (knives) whisk(s)

Bedroom Furnitures..
bed(s) bedside cabinet(s) bedside table(s)
dressing table(s) wardrobe(s) chest of drawer(s)
Other things you may find in a bedroom
brush(es) comb(s) hair dryer(s)
pillow(s) sheet(s)

Bathroom Furniture
chair(s) basin(s) bath(s) toilet(s) / loo(s)
Other things you may find in a bathroom
toilet roll(s) / loo roll(s) toilet brush(es) / loo brush(es) hairdryer (hairdriers) toothbrush(es)
word for living room. Sitting Room Another name for living room. Spare Room/
shaving foam razor(s) toilet seat(s) / loo seat(s) bin(s)

Other Rooms :
Attic People store things in the attic. Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. Box Room A small room used for storage. Cellar Underneath the house. Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats. Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. Dining Room A room where people eat. Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. Games Room A room in large houses where games are played. Hall The entrance passage to a house. Larder A small room used for the storage of food. Library A room where books are kept. Lounge Another name for living room. Music Room A room where people play music. Office A room where people work. Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. Parlour Old fashioned
Guest Room A room where guests sleep. Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Asking For Informations

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.

Here are some of the most commons..

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...

Invitation (Written)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are two types of invitation.
a). FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

b). INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation

Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc


Offerings invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?


Accepting invitation
->Yes,I'd love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.



Reffusing
->If you don't mind,i'd rather not.
->Thank you,i'm busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I'm sorry.
->I've lost to work to do.

Offering

Offering is usually used to offer something to someone else.

actual offering types there are many, but this time I am only talking about offering the service / help.

examples..
-what can I do for you ?
-Can I help You ?
-Can I do something for you ?
-Do you want something to eat ?
-Shall I get you something to read ?

Accepting offering service/help :
-thanks very much
-thank's very kind of you
-thank you
-[oh] yes, please
-lovely

Not accepting offering servica/help :
-no, thanks
-that's very kind of you, but . . .
-thanks for offering, but . . .
-no, its all right, really
-no, really, I can manage [thanks].

Simple Future Tense

Definition…

 The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

The simple future is used…

to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.

Simple Future has two different forms in English…

 "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Will Form

Verbal                   : [S + will + verb1]
Nominal      : [S + will + be + complement]

Be Going To Form

Verbal                   : [S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Nominal      : [S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + be + complement)

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
• ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Active                   : My dad will finish the work by 1.00 PM.
Passive        : The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
• The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement

Prepositions

 Preposition Usage

You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places..

Ex :

Ø            in Summer

Ø            in July

Ø            in Paray City

You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
1. on Friday
2. on July 19th

NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends

You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
v At 5 o’clock
v At 7.00 p.m
v At night
v At home

NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.

You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The food of chine

b. Of studying

off Examples..

a)                   Turn Off

b)                  Put Off

After/before Examples…

Ø      After August

Ø      Before this week

for Examples…
§ For one minute
§ For a week
§ For two years

from Examples..
~ From Indonesia
~ From 7 p.m until 10 p.m

during Ex :
* During our holiday
* During at night

Asking If someone Remember Or not

Formal expressions:

1.      I wonder if you remember.....

2.      You remember...., don’t you?

3.      You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

4.      Don’t you remember.....?

5.      Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

a)                 Let me think, yes, I remember.

b)                I remember especially the scenery.

c)                 I’ll never forget that

d)                 I’ll always remember.

e)                 I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

                  Remember the old house we used to live in?

                  Remember that?

                  I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Ø                 Hold on. Yes, got it!

Ø                 I know.....

Ø                 It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Introductory It

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase…
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

* It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
* It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
* It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
* It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
* It is dangerous to play with fire.
* It could be dangerous to drive so fast.


Note   : that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

* To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
* To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
* To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)


When the subject is a gerund phrase…
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

* It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
* It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
* Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
* It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note   : that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.
It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

Modals In The Past Form

Modals in the past are :

1.      Could

2.      Would

3.      Should

4.      Shall

*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Tiwi    : I’m having trouble with my biology lesson.
Dewi   : Why don’t you ask Sa’adah ?
              Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.


*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan   : What did you usually do in your holidays ?
Lia       : I would visit my family in Palembang.

*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
A         :Would you like to try my cake ?
B          : Of course, thank you.!

*Should + Verb base
Example :
Bryand: I should go to shop now. Please keep this house.!
Selly    : O.k.

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.

The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S

Passive Voice in Tenses :

1.    Simple Present Tense
Active : V1(es /s) •
Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3 •

2.    Past tense
Active : V2(ed) •
Passive : To be(was, were) + V3 •

3.    Past Continuous Tense
Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing •
To be(was, were) + Ving
Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3 •
To be(was, were) + Being V3

4.    Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
Active : been + V ing •
Passive : been + being V3 •

5.    5. Future Tense
Active : Be + V ing •
Passive : Be + being V3 •

Surpise and Disbelief

~ Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

~ Surprise is an emotion that a person might feel unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a ballon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.

• Doubt is feeling between belief or disbelief.

• Disbelief is an expression that we show or say to express the inability or refusal to believe or to accept something as true.

Examples of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression : :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious? You must be joking.
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.
o I must say it surprises me.
Surprising amazement of something :
o Fantastic!
o How marvellous/beautiful!
o It’s very interesting!
o It’s great!
o It’s terrific!
o Wow, that’s amazing!
o Wonderful!
o What a nice……
o What a lovely flower!
o Hey, that’s really terrific!

When get a surprising fact, you can say these to tell other people :

* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?

Responding of disbeliefs :

* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me
*Yeah!
*Sure?

There are some ways to express surprise :

* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

Example 1:

A: Do you have magazine?

B: Yes, I have it.

A: Do you have magazine over there?

B: Yes, it is mine.

A: Do you have the magazine you bought yesterday?

B: Yes, I have it.  (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the magazine’, not ‘magazine’)

Direct and Indirect Speech

    Direct Speech       

    refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

mom said, “It’s nice”. Or  “It’s nice,” mom said.

    Indirect speech                     

    refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

         Indirect speech

is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

  The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪         Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:             Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪         Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.

Narrative Text

Narrative text  

is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

1.  Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

2.  Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

3.  Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Notes on Narrative Text
It is important to know that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:

• Folktales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales
• Mysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction

Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.
Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: sleeping beauty,Thumbelina, beauty and the beast, etc.

The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.

The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.

At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.

One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.

The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.

Finite & Nonfinite Verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include:

• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives

In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.

By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.

English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.